Sign Language is a visual communication system used by the signers of the community they belong to the majority of people who are deaf or hearing too weak to be able to communicate verbally. The communication takes place, producing what may seem to a layman the trivial gestures, but in reality they are signs (as opposed to gestures that have specific meanings encoded and common ground, as with words) made with one or both hands, each of which is assigned one or more meanings. Sign languages \u200b\u200bexploit the visual-gestural channel, so the message is delivered with the body and perceived by sight. Sign languages \u200b\u200bare related to the deaf community scattered all over the world, every nation is its own language:
in Italy, the Italian sign language (in acronym LIS), the United States
the American Sign Language (American sign language, ASL)
in the United Kingdom British Sign Language (British Sign Language, BSL)
French French Sign Language (Langue des signes français, LSF)
and so on. It should be noted that not only every nation is allocated a specific sign language, but also within the the same country there are slight regional variations of sign language national and in some cases, even within the same city between clubs of different schools.
The visual communication of the deaf has been known since ancient times: even if the news of what was then called sign language or gestures are very fragmentary. The first to describe in his writings in a more systematic sign language used by deaf students is the educator and founder of the Paris School for the Deaf, Abbe de L'Epee, which, in the second half of the 700, decide Use of this form of communication to teach the written and spoken language by adding the signs he created corresponding to the grammatical francese.Sicard and syntax of the language, the successor of the Epee, was a great student of sign language and in general between the French Enlightenment, at the same time, you may see an interest in various aspects of human communication. The American Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who was fascinated by the work of Sicard, travels to France and after a year of training at the Institute of the Deaf in Paris, decided to return to his homeland in 1816. On the return trip by boat lasted a year learning the French sign language (LSF) from a deaf educator institute that brings with it: Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet has brought to the U.S. sign language French, which is spreading through the creation of institutes for the deaf (The first school is of Hartford, Connecticut), and then combined with the signs used by the local population, giving rise to the American Sign Language (ASL) (in fact we still see significant similarities between the LSF and 'ASL). Gallaudet is known also for founding the first university in the world for the deaf. Even in Italy it's definitely been a sign language among the deaf: there is evidence in this regard to the first half of the 800 deaf educators. But Congress in Milan in 1880 and held rigidly attached thereto oral prevents this form of communication is widespread especially in education: prohibited in the classroom is spreading in the corridors resulting in a depletion and a consequent lack of linguistic knowledge that the Italian sign language constitutes the mother tongue of the deaf, than the language of the deaf. In all countries, however, sign language began to be studied from a linguistic point of view only since the sixties. William Stokoe, a U.S. researcher, was the first to demonstrate that this form of communication is not a simple gesture, but a true language with its own vocabulary and its grammar, able to express any message.
Sign language is a real Italian language from the sociological point of view, as the expression of a community: the community of deaf Italians. It is also a true language with its own structure and syntax: This is often different from Italian but can have incredible similarities to other oral languages. Verbs are conjugated for example is not based on time, but have to agree with both the subject (as in Italian) is the object of the action, as is the case in Basque. There are numbers to indicate pronominal "we two, you two" (as the dual of the ancient greek) and even "the five of us, you four, three of them." The correlation of verbs, adjectives and nouns is not based on gender (male and female as in Italian) but the location in space where the sign is made. There are different forms for the plural "normal" distribution and the plural, a distinction unknown European languages, but known languages \u200b\u200bin the ocean. The tone of voice is replaced by the expression of the face: there is an expression for the direct questions ("Come?", "Study mathematics?") To a complex question ('where are you from? "," Do you study? " , "Why are you crying?") for an imperative ("Come," "Study!") and other phrases to indicate (the book I bought, the guy you talk to). The sign of each sign language can be broken down into four essential components:
movement
orientation
configuration
place and non-manual components:
facial expression, posture and
oral components.
Another obvious symptom of the stubborn search for 'integration' is the non-Italian language called Goal, or the use of signs with grammatical structure of the Italian language, or, again, the use of manual alphabet (finger spelling) when the signer is missing , for his ignorance of a sign or not yet joined the language in LIS, the Cherem corresponds to the phoneme of the spoken languages. It is important not to confuse the sign language with sign language, as they are two completely different things.
Italian Sign Language (LIS)
Sign languages \u200b\u200bare languages \u200b\u200bat the same time young and old. Old as they are always used by the deaf to communicate, in fact, the sign is the spontaneous way for deaf people, because it engages the visual-gestural channels that are free of deficit. Young people because it was not until the late fifties when an American scholar, William Stokoe (1960), studying American Sign Language (ASL), realized that sign languages \u200b\u200bhave linguistic features similar to those of the languages \u200b\u200bspoken. In Italy the study of Italian sign language began in the late seventies with a group of researchers from the National Research Council, coordinated by Virginia Volterra. To summarize this is an ancient language that for centuries has been sent to 'oral', without the testimony of a literature and some times forced into a semi-underground in recent years acquired the status of language, begins to study the grammar and syntax, leaving the first dictionaries.
Research published by Volterra (1987) clearly show that the sign language used by deaf people is not an Italian language, but has the characteristics of a real language.
The presence of specific morphological and syntactic rules is an important characteristic that distinguishes a language of signs from a sign language or pantomime. There
systematic articulation, phonological corresponding articulation of the spoken language, the analysis can identify the signs of formational parameters, which created all the signs of language, and you can find a lexicon, morphology, syntax.
This research led to the discovery of four basic parameters in the articulation of gestures in LIS:
the place of the space where the sign is performed;
the configuration of the hands in carrying the sign;
the orientation of the palm and fingers taken out of the hands;
the movement of the hand performing the sign.
early nineties three dictionaries have been published relating to the LIS. The output of these publications, due to the desire of deaf people to spread this Italian language and deaf people to learn in the courses that meanwhile were held in several Italian cities, has contributed to evolve the process of institutionalization of LIS. The
Elementary Bilingual Dictionary of Italian Sign Language by Radutsky E. (1992) is undoubtedly the most impressive of these works.
Presents more than 2,500 signs and for each item shows the graphical representation, the transcript of the sign on the basic parameters, the translation in Italian, a few sentences of explanatory context, synonyms, signs, phonological variants, regions of finding signs. The LIS has no written form, is a language of dialogue exchange used by the deaf community in Italy. It has a structure very different from Italian (spoken) since, in the course of history, deaf and hearing were not very contatto.Ad example, most of the signers produces sentences with SOV order of the signs while the Italian speakers use a word order SVO. Many of the signs of Italian verbs also agree with the object (a property also found in spoken languages, eg Basque) while in Italian verbs agree only with the soggetto.La Italian sign language, like other languages marked, is thus not a pantomime signs with random products like many people think, but is a real language with its own grammar but is very different from that of spoken.
Sign Language
Some deaf people communicate through sign language. These are real languages, different from country to country and sometimes even at the regional level, with its own rules and a rich vocabulary.
0 comments:
Post a Comment